Pass difficulty
76.7%
0th percentile among DEF players
n = 23 eligible peers · sample 137
Player profile
David Raum
RB Leipzig · Left Back · DEF
Matches observed2
Pass attempts137
Reliable sampleActual completion
73.0%
100 completed passes
Pass difficulty
76.7%
How difficult a pass was to complete.
Actual vs. expected passing
-3.7 pp
-5.1 completions vs model expectation
Actual pass completion compared with the model's expected completion.
Player intelligence
Position profile
DEF context · Each percentile is an empirical rank among eligible players in the same broad position group. Percentiles are not ratings.
Style
Performance
0–100 empirical percentiles among eligible same-position peers.
Style
Tendencies describe what a player attempts; higher is not automatically better.
Under-pressure pass rate
5.1%
5th percentile among DEF players
n = 23 eligible peers · sample 137
Progressive pass rate
23.4%
100th percentile among DEF players
n = 23 eligible peers · sample 137
Long-pass rate
17.5%
64th percentile among DEF players
n = 23 eligible peers · sample 137
Average forward distance
2.3 units
27th percentile among DEF players
n = 23 eligible peers · sample 137
Positive forward distance / 100 passes
718.2 units
27th percentile among DEF players
n = 23 eligible peers · sample 137
Final-third entries / 100 passes
6.569
32nd percentile among DEF players
n = 23 eligible peers · sample 137
Carry share of actions
40.9%
19th percentile among DEF players
n = 94 eligible peers · sample 225
Progressive carry rate
1.1%
37th percentile among DEF players
n = 87 eligible peers · sample 92
Progressive action rate
14.7%
83rd percentile among DEF players
n = 94 eligible peers · sample 225
Under-pressure action rate
12.0%
32nd percentile among DEF players
n = 94 eligible peers · sample 225
Shots / observed match
0.00 / match
Unavailable among DEF players
n = 4 eligible peers · sample 0
requires 20 shots
xG / shot
—
Unavailable among DEF players
n = 4 eligible peers · sample 0
metric unavailable
Performance
Observed execution or model-derived output relative to opportunities.
Actual vs. expected passing
-3.7 pp
5th percentile among DEF players
n = 23 eligible peers · sample 137
Under-pressure completion above expected
-11.9 pp
Unavailable among DEF players
n = 13 eligible peers · sample 7
requires 20 pressure passes
Progressive completion above expected
+5.9 pp
69th percentile among DEF players
n = 17 eligible peers · sample 32
Long-pass completion above expected
+8.0 pp
100th percentile among DEF players
n = 21 eligible peers · sample 24
Goals above expected
0.000
Unavailable among DEF players
n = 4 eligible peers · sample 0
requires 20 shots
Overall impact / 100 actions
0.071
86th percentile among DEF players
n = 94 eligible peers · sample 225
Weak split-half stability in the current 34-match product cohort.
Passing impact / 100 passes
0.090
92nd percentile among DEF players
n = 94 eligible peers · sample 133
Weak split-half stability in the current 34-match product cohort.
Carrying impact / 100 carries
0.043
27th percentile among DEF players
n = 87 eligible peers · sample 92
Moderate split-half stability; descriptive rather than latent ability.
Progressive-action impact / 100 actions
0.126
89th percentile among DEF players
n = 94 eligible peers · sample 225
Weak split-half stability in the current 34-match product cohort.
Under-pressure impact / 100 actions
0.002
23rd percentile among DEF players
n = 94 eligible peers · sample 225
Weak split-half stability in the current 34-match product cohort.
Playing style
Direct Progressor
Position-relative style among eligible DEF players.
Style separation0.387
Progressive-pass rate (higher)
Pass difficulty (lower)
Positive forward distance / 100 passes (higher)
Long-pass rate (higher)
Pass difficulty-1.23 z
Under-pressure pass rate-1.30 z
Progressive-pass rate+0.98 z
Long-pass rate+0.24 z
Positive forward distance / 100 passes-0.66 z
Carry share of actions-1.10 z
Bars are z-scores relative to eligible positional peers, not percentiles or ratings. Distance-based style separation, not a probability. Smaller values mean the player lies nearer the boundary between the two archetypes.
Leverkusen Role Fit
DEF role
How closely a player's playing style matches this role. Compared with Bayer Leverkusen's observed DEF role.
Role distance · lower is closer1.414
CloserFarther
Strongest alignment
- Positive Forward Distance Per 100 Passes
- Long Pass Rate
- Pressure Pass Rate
Largest difference
Carry Share Of Actions
limited sampleObserved across 2 matchesRole: 34 matches · 9 contributors
Role Fit measures how closely a player's observed playing style resembles Bayer Leverkusen's observed positional-role style. It does not predict transfer success or future performance.
Attacking impact
Impact of passes and carries
Measures how much each pass or carry changed the expected attacking value of a possession. Positive values improved the attack; negative values reduced it.
Overall impact / 100 actions
+0.071
Passing impact / 100 passes
+0.090
Carrying impact / 100 carries
+0.043
Progressive-action impact / 100 actions
+0.126
Under-pressure impact / 100 actions
+0.002
225 actions · 133 passes · 92 carries · 48.4% increased attacking value
Campos visualization
Carry value map
Exact StatsBomb carry start/end locations. Green increases modeled possession value; coral decreases it.
Situational execution
Under pressure
7 attempts
- Actual
- 42.9%
- Pass difficulty
- 54.8%
- Actual vs. expected passing
- -11.9 pp
Limited sample — interpret this split cautiously.
Progressive passing
32 attempts
- Actual
- 50.0%
- Pass difficulty
- 44.1%
- Actual vs. expected passing
- +5.9 pp
Long passing
24 attempts
- Actual
- 54.2%
- Pass difficulty
- 46.2%
- Actual vs. expected passing
Progression profile
Progressive-pass rate
23.4%
Pressure-pass rate
5.1%
Average forward distance
2.3 m
Positive forward distance / 100
718.2 m
Final-third entries / 100
6.6
Campos visualization
Pass map
Attacking left to right. Switch between xPass execution difficulty and possession attacking impact.
Showing 1–137 of 137 passes
CompletedIncompleteStronger line = greater pass difficultyThicker line = progressive or under pressure
- Pass difficulty
- 69.3%
- Outcome
- Completed
- Attacking impact
- 0.0124
- Value before
- 0.0106
- Value after
- 0.0230
- Length
- 23.0 m
- Context
- Progressive
Event clocks are not retained in the pass API.
Similar playing styles
Style similarity compares position-relative playing style across passing and carrying tendencies. Scores are not ability ratings.
100 means identical observed profiles; 50 is about the median same-position playing style match. Not a probability.
Limited sample: this player's style profile is based on 2 observed matches, so nearest-neighbor rankings may be less stable.
Style similarity
75.1 / 100
Positive Forward Distance Per 100 PassesExpected Completion RateCarry Share Of Actions
Sample support: Limited · 2 limiting matches
Observed: 2 vs 2 matches
Style similarity
68.8 / 100